Shenyang J-11
| J-11 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Role | Multirole Air Superiority Fighter |
| Manufacturer | Shenyang Aircraft Corporation |
| First flight | 1998 |
| Introduction | 1998 |
| Status | Active service |
| Primary user | People's Liberation Army Air Force |
| Produced | 1998-Present |
| Number built | 120 (As of February 2011).[1] |
| Developed from | Sukhoi Su-27SK (airframe only for J-11B) |
In 1995, China secured a $2.5 billion production agreement which licensed China to build 200 Soviet-designed Sukhoi Su-27SK aircraft using Russian-supplied kits. Under the terms of the agreement, these aircraft would be outfitted with Russian avionics, radars and engines. However, only 95 of the original aircraft were delivered and the contract for the remaining 105 is still pending. It is believed that Russia cancelled the arrangement in 2006 after it discovered that China had reverse-engineered the technology and was developing an indigenous version, the J-11B. China however insists that it requested Russia to cease deliveries of the aircraft because it could no longer satisfy the PLAAF's requirements.[2] The J-11B variant while lacking the latest Russian features, does incorporate various Chinese modifications to the airframe in addition to the inclusion of Chinese avionics and weaponry.[2][3][4][5][6]
The J-11 is a fourth-generation jet fighter which, like its Sukhoi brethren, is intended as a direct competitor to Western previous generation fighters such as the F-15 Eagle and F-16 Fighting Falcon
Development
Proposed J-11
In the 1970s, Shenyang Aircraft Factory proposed a light fighter powered by the British Rolls-Royce Spey 512 engine, but otherwise similar to the MiG-19 then in service. Known as the J-11, the project was abandoned due to difficulty in obtaining the engines.[8][edit] Modern J-11
The J-11 was finally born in 1995 as a Chinese version of the Sukhoi Su-27SK air superiority fighter. However, in 2004, Russian media reported that Shenyang co-production of the basic J-11 was halted after around 100 examples were built. The PLAAF later revealed a mock-up of an upgraded multirole version of the J-11 in mid-2002. It was equipped with Chinese anti-ship and PL-12 air-to-air missiles presumably for the role of a maritime strike aircraft. The alleged reason for the sudden stop in the production line of the J-11 was the obsolete avionics and radar, which were structured for aerial missions.[9] The PL-12 a active radar-guided air-to-air missile developed by China's Luoyang Electro-Optical Technology Development Center, range reported to be close to 100km, Wingspan 670mm, weight 200kg.[10]With a contract of an initial 200 J-11 allowed to be produced in Shenyang under the Chinese-Russian contract made in the 90's, the PLAAF decided to update the J-11 with domestic radar, avionic suites, manufacturing methods and material upgrades to extend the life of the aircraft in service.
Future
In the future, the current AL-31 powerplant may be replaced by an indigenous engine known as the WS-10 Taihang turbofan.[11] At the Zhuhai 2002 airshow, a photo was released allegedly depicting a J-11 modified for flight testing of a single WS-10A.[12] Andrei Chang, a military specialist on China reported that one J-11A was outfitted with the indigenously produced WS-10A turbofan engine, J-11B also uses WS-10A. However, Russian media reports also indicate that China still intends to upgrade the current J-11 fleet's engines with either Saturn-Lyulka or Salyut powerplants. Engines under consideration include the Saturn AL-31-117S (a development of the Lyulka AL-31F planned for the Russo-Indian Su-30MKIs), and the Salyut AL-31F-M1, an improved variant of the AL-31F engine.[13]In 2002, Russian media reported that Shenyang Aircraft Corporation was looking into replacing Russian-made J-11/Su-27SK components with domestic, Chinese-made parts. Specifically, to replace the Russian-made NIIP N001 radar with a Chinese-made fire control radar based on the Type 147X/KLJ-X family, the AL-31F engine with WS-10A, and Russian R-77 AAM's with Chinese-made PL-9 and PL-12 AAM's. One J-11 was photographed with an AL-31F and a WS-10A engine installed for testing in 2002. However, it was not until 2007 when the Chinese government finally revealed information on the domestic J-11: the J-11 used to test WS-10 was designated as J-11WS, and it was when state television station CCTV-7 aired J-11B footages in mid-2007 when the existence of J-11 with domestic components was finally confirmed officially.
Variants
- J-11 - The Chinese-built version of the Russian Su-27SK. The N001V radar, with TS101M processor capable of single target engagement and simultaneously tracking 10 targets during an engagement, is installed. Flight instrumentation incorporates two CRT multifunction displays (MFD) of similar size, one on top of the other with the upper MFD fitted to the right of the HUD.[14] [15] [16] Unconfirmed claims made by Chinese web sources state that the additional CRT display is used in conjunction with domestic electro-optical avionics and weaponry added to J-11, which avoids having to integrate the domestic avionics and weaponry with the aircraft's Russian systems.
- J-11A - A J-11 with further radar and flight instrumentation upgrade, most notably with the adoption of EFIS in its avionics. The J-11's N001V radar is replaced by the N001VE with Baguet series BCVM-486-6 processor, capable of simultaneously engaging two of ten targets tracked with semi-active radar homing air-to-air missiles. An improved domestic Chinese helmet mounted sight (HMS) system first appeared on J-11A. The cockpit incorporates an EFIS designed by China Aviation Industry Corporation I which replaces most of the original Su-27SK's analogue dial indicators with four color MFDs.[9] The EFIS incorporates three large MFDs, taking up most of the dashboard space, with the center MFD at a slightly lower position than the two side MFDs. A slightly smaller color MFD is located below the three large MFDs, to the bottom right corner of the dashboard.[17]
- J-11B - An indigenised multirole fighter using a Flanker type airframe and advanced Chinese avionics, weaponry and technologies, reduced RCS, MAWS, IRST, and composites that lighten the airframe weight by 700 kg.[18][4][5] The difference between the J-11B and the Su-27SK and Su-27SMK is big enough that the J-11B should be viewed as a unique fighter type rather than a variant of the J-11A/Su-27SK[19]. It has been said that the J-11B is over 90% indigenous[20]. It has been reported that more than 2 regiments of J-11B are currently in service. In May 2007, the existence of J-11B was confirmed by the Chinese government for the first time when state-run Chinese TV stations aired a report on the J-11B in PLAAF service. There are well over 50 J-11B in PLAAF and it has been claimed that the J-11B is planned to incorporate an AESA radar.[21][22] Chinese officials commented that the J-11B could match the performance of the F-15SE Silent Eagle, Eurofighter Typhoon, and Su-35.[22]
- J-11BS - A tandem twin seat version of the J-11B under development, initially developed to serve as a combat-capable training aircraft for J-11B pilots.[23] It is reported that the first prototype was built by the end of 2007 and it is also rumored that a prototype aircraft crashed in 2009 during a test flight.[23] It is believed that the letter S stands for Shuangzuo, meaning twin seater in Chinese. On June 9, 2007, and a model of the J-11BS was revealed to the public during the opening ceremony of the new aerospace museum of the Harbin Institute of Technology.
- J-16 - A strike variant of the J-11BS.[23]
- J-17 - A much-upgraded variant of the J-11B. It features a much stealthier design, internal weapons bays, stealth-optimized engine intakes, and canted vertical fins. First flight is expected to be in 2011.[23]
Operational history
In March 2011 a joint Sino-Pakistani exercise, Shaheen 1, was conducted at a Pakistan Air Force (PAF) base involving a contingent of Chinese aircraft and personnel from the PLAAF.[24] Information on which aircraft were used by each side in the exercise was not released, but photos of Pakistani pilots inspecting what appeared to be Chinese Shenyang J-11B fighters were released on the internet. The exercise lasted for around 4 weeks and was the first time the PLAAF had deployed to and conducted "operational" aerial maneuvers in Pakistan with the PAF.[25]Operators
- People's Liberation Army Air Force: 120 (As of February 2011), with additional 90 on order.[1]
Specifications (J-11/A)
General characteristics- Crew: 1
- Length: 21.9 m (71 ft 10 in)
- Wingspan: 14.70 m (48 ft 3 in)
- Height: 5.92 m (19 ft 6 in)
- Wing area: 62.04 m² (667.8 ft²)
- Empty weight: 16,870 kg [29] (37,192 lb)
- Loaded weight: 23,926 kg (52,747 lb)
- Max takeoff weight: 33,000 kg (73,000 lb)
- Powerplant: 2 × Lyulka AL-31F or Woshan WS-10A "Taihang" turbofans
- Dry thrust: 75.22 kN / 89.17 kN (16,910 lbf / 20,050 lbf)[30] each
- Thrust with afterburner: 123 kN / 129.4 kN (27,600 lbf / 29,101 lbf) [31] each
- Maximum speed: Mach 2.35 (2,500 km/h, 1,550 mph) at altitude
- Range: 3,530 km (2,070 mi)
- Service ceiling: 18,500 m (62,523 ft)
- Rate of climb: 300 m/s[32] (64,000 ft/min)
- Wing loading: 371.0 kg/m² (76 lb/ft²)
- Thrust/weight:
- Dry: 0.66
- With afterburner: 1.04
- G-limit: 9 g
- Guns: 1× 30 mm (1.18 in) Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-30-1 cannon with 150r
- Hardpoints: 10: 2 under fuselage, 2 under air ducts, 4 under wings, 2 on wingtips and provisions to carry combinations of:
- Missiles:
- Missiles:
- Rockets: Unguided rocket launcher
- Bombs: Free-fall cluster bombs
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