YF-23 Northrop

Northrop YF-23

YF-23
YF-23, nicknamed Gray Ghost (foreground), flying with YF-23 Black Widow II
Role	Experimental fighter prototype
National origin	United States
Manufacturer	Northrop/McDonnell Douglas
First flight	27 August 1990
Primary user	United States Air Force
Number built	2

The Northrop YF-23 or Northrop–McDonnell Douglas YF-23 was an American single-seat, twin-engine fighter aircraft designed for the United States Air Force (USAF). The design was a finalist in the USAF's Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) competition, battling the Lockheed YF-22 for a production contract. Two YF-23 prototypes were built with the nicknames "Black Widow II" and "Gray Ghost".
In the 1980s the USAF began looking for a replacement for its fighter aircraft, especially to counter the USSR's advanced Su-27 and MiG-29. Several companies submitted design proposals; the USAF selected proposals from Northrop and Lockheed. Northrop teamed with McDonnell Douglas to develop the YF-23, while Lockheed, Boeing and General Dynamics developed the YF-22. The YF-23 was stealthier and faster, but less agile than the competition. After a four-year development and evaluation process, the YF-22 was announced the winner in 1991 and entered production as the Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor. The U.S. Navy considered using the production version of the ATF as the basis for a replacement to the F-14, but these plans were later canceled. As of 2009, the two YF-23 prototypes were museum exhibits.

Development

American reconnaissance satellites first spotted the advanced Soviet Su-27 and MiG-29 fighter prototypes in 1978, which caused concern in the U.S. Both Soviet models were expected to reduce the maneuverability advantage of contemporary US fighter aircraft.^[3] In 1981, the USAF requested information from several aerospace companies on possible features for an Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) to replace the F-15 Eagle. After discussions with aerospace companies, the USAF made air to air combat the primary role for the ATF.^[4] The ATF was to take advantage of emerging technologies, including composite materials, lightweight alloys, advanced flight-control systems, more powerful propulsion systems, and stealth technology.^[1] In October 1985, the USAF issued a request for proposal (RFP) to several aircraft manufacturers. The RFP was modified in May 1986 to include evaluation of prototypes from the two finalists. At the same time, the U.S. Navy, under the Navalized Advanced Tactical Fighter (NATF) program, announced that it would use a derivative of the ATF winner to replace its F-14 Tomcat. The NATF program called for procurement of 546 aircraft along with the USAF's planned procurement of 750 aircraft.^[5]

Top view of the YF-23, showing the trapezoidal wings and separation between the forward fuselage and engine nacelles

In July 1986, proposals were submitted by Lockheed, Boeing, General Dynamics, McDonnell Douglas, Northrop, Grumman and Rockwell. The latter two dropped out of competition shortly thereafter.^[6] Following proposal submissions, Lockheed, Boeing, and General Dynamics formed a team to develop whichever of their proposed designs was selected, if any. Northrop and McDonnell Douglas formed a team with a similar agreement.^[7] The Lockheed and Northrop proposals were selected as finalists on 31 October 1986. Both teams were given 50 months to build and flight-test their prototypes, and they were successful, producing the Lockheed YF-22 and the Northrop YF-23.^[8]
The YF-23 was designed to meet USAF requirements for survivability, supercruise, stealth, and ease of maintenance.^[9] Supercruise requirements called for prolonged supersonic flight without the use of afterburners.^[10] Northrop drew on its experience with the B-2 Spirit and F/A-18 Hornet to reduce the model's susceptibility to radar and infrared detection.^[11] The USAF initially required the aircraft to land and stop within 2,000 feet (610 m), which meant the use of thrust reversers on their engines. In 1987, the USAF changed the runway length requirement to 3,000 feet (914 m), so thrust reversers were no longer needed. This allowed the aircraft to have smaller engine nacelle housings. The nacelles were not downsized on the prototypes.^[12][13]
The first YF-23 (serial number 87-0800), Prototype Air Vehicle 1 (PAV-1), was rolled out on 22 June 1990;^[14] PAV-1 took its 50-minute maiden flight on 27 August with Alfred "Paul" Metz at the controls.^[15] The second YF-23 (serial number 87-0801, PAV-2) made its first flight on 26 October, piloted by Jim Sandberg.^[16] The first YF-23 was painted charcoal gray and was nicknamed "Spider"^[16] and "Black Widow II", the latter after the Northrop P-61 Black Widow of World War II. It briefly had a red hourglass marking resembling the marking on the back of the black widow spider before Northrop management had it removed.^{[17][18][N 1]} The second prototype was painted in two shades of gray and nicknamed "Gray Ghost".^[19]

Design

A front view of 87-0801 showing the curving exterior of the design.

The YF-23 was an unconventional-looking aircraft, with diamond-shaped wings, a profile with substantial area-ruling to reduce drag at supersonic speeds, and an all-moving V-tail. The cockpit was placed high, near the nose of the aircraft for good visibility for the pilot. The aircraft featured a tricycle landing gear configuration with a nose landing gear and two main landing gear. The weapons bay was placed on the underside of the fuselage between the nose and main landing gear.^[20] The cockpit has a center stick and side throttle.^[21]
It was powered by two turbofan engines with each in a separate engine nacelle on either side of the aircraft's spine.^[22] Of the two aircraft built, the first YF-23 (PAV-1) was fitted with Pratt & Whitney YF119 engines, while the second (PAV-2) was powered by General Electric YF120 engines. The aircraft featured fixed engine nozzles, instead of thrust vectoring nozzles as on the YF-22.^[12] As on the B-2, the exhaust from the YF-23's engines flowed through troughs lined with heat-ablating tiles to dissipate heat and shield the engines from infrared (IR) missile detection from below.^[11]
The flight control surfaces were controlled by a central management computer system. Raising the wing flaps and ailerons on one side and lowering them on the other provided roll. The V-tail fins were angled 50 degrees from the vertical. Pitch was mainly provided by rotating these V-tail fins in opposite directions so their front edges moved together or apart. Yaw was primarily supplied by rotating the tail fins in the same direction. Deflecting the wing flaps down and ailerons up on both sides simultaneously provided for aerodynamic braking.^[23]
To keep costs low despite the novel design, a number of "off-the-shelf" components were used, including an F-15 nose wheel, F/A-18 main landing gear parts, and the forward cockpit components of the F-15E Strike Eagle.^[11][16]

Operational history

A YF-22 in the foreground with a YF-23 in the background

Evaluation

The first YF-23, with Pratt & Whitney engines, supercruised at Mach 1.43 on 18 September 1990, while the second, with General Electric engines, reached Mach 1.6 on 29 November 1990. By comparison, the YF-22 achieved Mach 1.58 in supercruise.^[24] The YF-23 was tested to a top speed of Mach 1.8 with afterburners. The YF-23's weapons bay was configured for weapons launch, and used for testing weapons bay acoustics, but no missiles were fired. Lockheed fired AIM-9 Sidewinder and AIM-120 AMRAAM missiles successfully from its YF-22 demonstration aircraft. PAV-1 performed a fast-paced combat demonstration with six flights over a 10-hour period on 30 November 1990. Flight testing continued into December.^[25] The two YF-23s flew 50 times for a total of 65.2 hours.^[26] The tests demonstrated Northrop's predicted performance values for the YF-23.^[27] The YF-23 was stealthier and faster, but the YF-22 was more agile.^[28][29]
The two contractor teams submitted evaluation results with their proposals in December 1990,^[27] and on 23 April 1991, Secretary of the Air Force Donald Rice announced that the YF-22 was the winner.^[30] The Air Force selected the YF119 engine to power the F-22 production version. The Lockheed and Pratt & Whitney designs were rated higher on technical aspects, were considered lower risks, and were considered to have more effective program management.^[30][31] It has been speculated in the aviation press that the YF-22 was also seen as more adaptable to the Navy's NATF, but by 1992 the U.S. Navy had abandoned NATF.^[32][33]
Following the competition, both YF-23s were transferred to NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards AFB, California, without their engines.^[11][34] NASA planned to use one of the aircraft to study techniques for the calibration of predicted loads to measured flight results, but this did not take place.^[34]

Possible revival

In late 2004, Northrop Grumman proposed a YF-23-based bomber to meet a USAF need for an interim bomber, for which the FB-22 and B-1R were also competing.^[35] Northrop modified aircraft PAV-2 to serve as a display model for its proposed interim bomber.^[27] The possibility of a YF-23-based interim bomber ended with the 2006 Quadrennial Defense Review, which favored a long-range bomber with a much greater range.^[36][37] The USAF has since begun the Next-Generation Bomber program.^[38]

Aircraft on display

Restoration work at the USAF Museum

Both YF-23 airframes remained in storage until mid-1996, when the aircraft were transferred to museums.^[34] YF-23A PAV-1, serial number 87-0800, registration number N231YF, was on display as of 2009 in the Research and Development hangar of the National Museum of the United States Air Force near Dayton, Ohio.^[39] YF-23A PAV-2, serial number 87-0801, registration number N232YF, was on exhibit at the Western Museum of Flight until 2004,^[34] when it was reclaimed by Northrop Grumman and used as a display model for a YF-23-based bomber.^[40] PAV-2 was returned to the Western Museum of Flight and was on display as of 2010 at the museum's new location at Torrance Airport, Torrance, California.^[2]

[Specifications (YF-23)

A rear view of a YF-23, showing its tile-lined exhaust channels

Data from Pace,^[41] Sweetman,^[42] Winchester,^[11] National Museum of the U.S. Air Force^[1]

General characteristics

• Crew: 1 (pilot)
• Length: 67 ft 5 in (20.60 m)
• Wingspan: 43 ft 7 in (13.30 m)
• Height: 13 ft 11 in (4.30 m)
• Wing area: 900 ft² (88 m²)
• Empty weight: 29,000 lb (13,100 kg)
• Loaded weight: 51,320 lb (23,327 kg)
• Max takeoff weight: 62,000 lb (29,000 kg)
• Powerplant: 2 × General Electric YF120 or Pratt & Whitney YF119 turbofan, 35,000 lbf (156 kN) each

Performance

• Maximum speed: Mach 2.2+ (1,650+ mph, 2,655+ km/h) at altitude
• Cruise speed: Mach 1.6 (1,060 mph, 1,706 km/h) supercruise at altitude
• Range: over 2,790 mi (over 4,500 km)
• Combat radius: 750–800 nmi (865–920 mi, 1,380–1480 km)
• Service ceiling: 65,000 ft (19,800 m)
• Wing loading: 54 lb/ft² (265 kg/m²)
• Thrust/weight: 1.36

Armament
None as tested but provisions made for:^[11]

• 1 × 20 mm (.79 in) M61 Vulcan cannon
• 4 × AIM-120 AMRAAM or AIM-7 Sparrow medium-range air-to-air missiles^[11][43]
• 2 × AIM-9 Sidewinder short-range air-to-air missiles

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